![]() ![]() ![]() Indirect aggression, which is covert (hidden), such as spreading malicious gossip.There is also teasing, name-calling, rumour-spreading socially excluding people. Not all aggression is physical aggression. Since violence is largely a male pastime, cultures that empower women tend to move away from the glorification of violence and are less likely to breed dangerous subcultures of rootless young men - Stephen Pinker (2011) A similar idea, popular with people of a different political outlook, is that the best way to reduce male aggression is to give more power to women. One of the conclusions from all this is that the best way to reduce male aggression is to marry men off! This is the conservative idea that " men are civilised by marriage". If jealousy makes men feel insecure in a relationship, their body will start to produce more testosterone to prepare them to assert their dominance and this can make them aggressive. Mazur & Booth (1998) showed how testosterone rises in men who need to show their dominance this includes single males and males in failing relationships. Testosterone is produced in the testes but the message to increase production comes from the pituitary gland in the brain, just beneath the limbic system. Jealous rage seems to require hormones as well, such as testosterone in men. Of course, some people just get unhappy when they are jealous they don't get mad. Sexual jealousy (when we feel insecure around people we are intimate with) is also produced by the amygdala. It is responsible for helping us recognise familiar faces and feel secure around people we are on intimate terms with. As part of its job in regulating emotions, the amygdala handles trust and intimacy. Sexual feelings also come from the limbic system. Although the Edexcel course doesn't cover it, the Cognitive Approach would also explain aggression, either as a rational choice (weighing up the costs and benefits to get what you want) or as faulty thinking (failing to appreciate the costs of aggressive behaviour).In the Learning Approach, Bandura shows how aggression is transmitted through aggressive role models it may also be conditioned through reinforcement ( Skinner)or association ( Pavlov).In the Social Approach, Milgramshows how an authority figure will produce aggression (delivering electric shocks) Sherifshows how out-group discrimination turns into aggression in the Robbers Cave study.Put anyone in the right situation and they will behave aggressively, but anybody's aggressive behaviour can be reduced or removed if they are put in better surroundings. Aggressive behaviour is learned or else produced by social pressures. Nurturists ( nurture) argue that aggression comes from our environment and no one is born aggressive. In this topic we are going to study two nativist views: the biological view that aggression is an evolutionary adaptationand the psychodynamic theory of aggression by Sigmund Freud.We are born with aggressive urges which never entirely go away, although self-discipline and a good upbringing might help us to control or re-direct these urges. Nativists ( nature) argue that aggression is innate - it comes from within us. There are two camps when it comes to the psychology of aggression: the nature camp and the nurture camp.
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